The team’s design principles and experimental findings demonstrate that it is possible to model and construct metamaterial devices that can precisely manipulate optical fields with high spatial resolution in three dimensions. Though the team chose a helical pattern — a spiral helix — for their optical element to focus light, their approach could be used to design optical elements that control and focus light in other patterns.

Devices with this level of precision control over light could be used not only to miniaturize today’s optical elements, such as lenses or retroreflectors, but also to realize new varieties. In addition, designing optical fields in three dimensions could enable creation of ultra-compact depth sensors for autonomous transportation, as well as optical elements for displays and sensors in virtual- or augmented-reality headsets.

“This reported device really has no classical analog in refractive optics — the optics that we encounter in our day-to-day life,” said corresponding author , a 91̽��assistant professor of electrical and computer engineering and physics, and faculty member at the 91̽��Institute for Nano-Engineered Systems and the Institute for Molecular & Engineering Sciences. “No one has really made a device like this before with this set of capabilities.”

The team, which includes researchers at the Air Force Research Laboratory and the University of Dayton Research Institute, took a lesser-used approach in the optical metamaterials field to design the optical element: inverse design. Using inverse design, they started with the type of optical field profile they wanted to generate — eight focused points of light in a helical pattern — and designed a metamaterial surface that would create that pattern.

“We do not always intuitively know the appropriate structure of an optical element given a specific functionality,” said Majumdar. “This is where the inverse design comes in: You let the algorithm design the optics.”

While this approach seems straightforward and avoids the drawbacks of trial-and-error design methods, inverse design isn’t widely used for optically active large-area metamaterials because it requires a large number of simulations, making inverse design computationally intensive.

Here, the team avoided this pitfall thanks to an insight by , lead author on the paper, who recently graduated the 91̽��with a doctoral degree in physics. Zhan realized that the team could use Mie scattering theory to design the optical element. Mie scattering describes how light waves of a particular wavelength are scattered by spheres or cylinders that are similar in size to the optical wavelength. Mie scattering theory explains how metallic nanoparticles in stained glass can give certain church windows their bold colors, and how other stained glass artifacts in different wavelengths of light, according to Zhan.

“Our implementation of Mie scattering theory is specific to certain shapes — spheres— which meant we had to incorporate those shapes into the design of the optical element,” said Zhan. “But, relying on Mie scattering theory significantly simplified the design and simulation process because we could make very specific, very precise calculations about the properties of light when it interacts with the optical element.”

Their approach could be employed to include different geometries such as cylinders and ellipsoids.

The optical element the team designed is essentially a surface covered in thousands of tiny spheres of different sizes, arranged in a periodic square lattice. Using spheres simplified the design, and the team used a commercially available 3D printer to fabricate two prototype optical elements — the larger of the two with sides just 0.02 centimeters long — at the Washington Nanofabrication Facility on the 91̽��campus. The optical elements were 3D-printed out of an ultraviolet epoxy on glass surfaces. One element was designed to focus light at 1,550 nanometers, the other at 3,000 nanometers.

The researchers visualized the optical elements under a microscope to see how well they performed as designed — focusing light of either 1,550 or 3,000 nanometers at eight specific points along a 3D helical pattern. Under the microscope, most focused points of light were at the positions predicted by the team’s theoretical simulations. For example, for the 1,550-nanometer wavelength device, six of eight focal points were in the predicted position. The remaining two showed only minor deviations.

With the high performance of their prototypes, the team would like to improve the design process to reduce background levels of light and improve the accuracy of the placement of the focal points, and to incorporate other design elements compatible with Mie scattering theory.

“Now that we’ve shown the basic design principles work, there are lots of directions we can go with this level of precision in fabrication,” said Majumdar.

One particularly promising direction is to progress beyond a single-surface to create a true-volume, 3D metamaterial.

“3D-printing allows us to create a stack of these surfaces, which was not possible before,” said Majumdar.

Co-authors are Ricky Gibson with the Air Force Research Laboratory and the University of Dayton Research Institute; Evan Smith and Joshua Hendrickson with the Air Force Research Laboratory; and James Whitehead, a 91̽��doctoral student in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering. The research was funded by the National Science Foundation, the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, Samsung, the 91̽��Reality Lab, Facebook, Google and Huawei.

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For more information, contact Majumdar at arka@uw.edu.

In recent years, physicists and engineers have been designing, constructing and testing different types of ultrathin materials that could replace the thick glass lenses used today in cameras and imaging systems. Critically, these engineered lenses — known as metalenses — are not made of glass. Instead, they consist of materials constructed at the nanoscale into arrays of columns or fin-like structures. These formations can interact with incoming light, directing it toward a single focal point for imaging purposes.

But even though metalenses are much thinner than glass lenses, they still rely on “high aspect ratio” structures, in which the column or fin-like structures are much taller than they are wide, making them prone to collapsing and falling over. Furthermore, these structures have always been near the wavelength of light they’re interacting with in thickness — until now.

In a published Oct. 8 in the journal , a team from the 91̽�� and the National Tsing Hua University in Taiwan announced that it has constructed functional metalenses that are one-tenth to one-half the thickness of the wavelengths of light that they focus. Their metalenses, which were constructed out of layered 2D materials, were as thin as 190 nanometers — less than 1/100,000ths of an inch thick.

“This is the first time that someone has shown that it is possible to create a metalens out of 2D materials,” said senior and co-corresponding author , a 91̽��assistant professor of physics and of electrical and computer engineering.

Their design principles can be used for the creation of metalenses with more complex, tunable features, added Majumdar, who is also a faculty researcher with the UW’s ���Ի���.

Majumdar’s team has been studying the design principles of metalenses for years, and previously constructed . But the challenge in this project was to overcome an inherent design limitation in metalenses: in order for a metalens material to interact with light and achieve optimal imaging quality, the material had to be roughly the same thickness as the light’s wavelength in that material. In mathematical terms, this restriction ensures that a full zero to two-pi phase shift range is achievable, which guarantees that any optical element can be designed. For example, a metalens for a 500-nanometer lightwave — which in the visual spectrum is green light — would need to be about 500 nanometers in thickness, though this thickness can decrease as the refractive index of the material increases.

Majumdar and his team were able to synthesize functional metalenses that were much thinner than this theoretical limit — one-tenth to one-half the wavelength. First, they constructed the metalens out of sheets of layered 2D materials. The team used widely studied 2D materials such as hexagonal boron nitride and molybdenum disulfide. A single atomic layer of these materials provides a very small phase shift, unsuitable for efficient lensing. So the team used multiple layers to increase the thickness, although the thickness remained too small to reach a full two-pi phase shift.

“We had to start by figuring out what type of design would yield the best performance given the incomplete phase,” said co-author Jiajiu Zheng, a doctoral student in electrical and computer engineering.

To make up for the shortfall, the team employed mathematical models that were originally formulated for liquid-crystal optics. These, in conjunction with the metalens structural elements, allowed the researchers to achieve high efficiency even if the whole phase shift is not covered. They tested the metalens’ efficacy by using it to capture different test images, including of the Mona Lisa and a block letter W. The team also demonstrated how stretching the metalens could tune the focal length of the lens.

In addition to achieving a wholly new approach to metalens design at record-thin levels, the team believes that its experiments show the promise of making new devices for imaging and optics entirely out of 2D materials.

“These results open up an entirely new platform for studying the properties of 2D materials, as well as constructing fully functional nanophotonic devices made entirely from these materials,” said Majumdar. Additionally, these materials can be easily transferred on any substrate, including flexible materials, paving a way towards flexible photonics.

The lead and co-corresponding author on the paper is , who began this work as a 91̽��postdoctoral researcher and is now a faculty member at the National Tsing Hua University in Taiwan. Additional co-authors are doctoral students Shane Colburn, Taylor Fryett and Yueyang Chen in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; and , a 91̽��professor of physics and of materials science and engineering. The team’s prototype metalenses were all built at the , a National Nanotechnology Coordinated Infrastructure site on the 91̽��campus. The research was funded by the U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, the National Science Foundation, the Washington Research Foundation, the M.J. Murdock Charitable Trust, GCE Market, Class One Technologies and Google.

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For more information, contact Majumdar at arka@uw.edu.

Grant numbers: FA9550-18-1-0104, 1719797, 0335765, 1337840

Although mobile devices such as tablets and smartphones let us communicate, work and access information wirelessly, their batteries must still be charged by plugging them in to an outlet. But engineers at the 91̽�� have for the first time developed a method to safely charge a smartphone wirelessly using a laser.

As the team reports in a published online in December in the , a narrow, invisible beam from a laser emitter can deliver charge to a smartphone sitting across a room — and can potentially charge a smartphone as quickly as a standard USB cable. To accomplish this, the team mounted a thin power cell to the back of a smartphone, which charges the smartphone using power from the laser. In addition, the team custom-designed safety features — including a metal, flat-plate heatsink on the smartphone to dissipate excess heat from the laser, as well as a reflector-based mechanism to shut off the laser if a person tries to move in the charging beam’s path.

“Safety was our focus in designing this system,” said co-author , an associate professor in the UW’s Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering. “We have designed, constructed and tested this laser-based charging system with a rapid-response safety mechanism, which ensures that the laser emitter will terminate the charging beam before a person comes into the path of the laser.”

Gollakota and co-author , a 91̽��assistant professor of physics and electrical engineering, led the team that designed this wireless charging system and its safety features.

“In addition to the safety mechanism that quickly terminates the charging beam, our platform includes a heatsink to dissipate excess heat generated by the charging beam,” said Majumdar, who is also a researcher in the 91̽��. “These features give our wireless charging system the robust safety standards needed to apply it to a variety of commercial and home settings.”

The charging beam is generated by a laser emitter that the team configured to produce a focused beam in the near-infrared spectrum. The safety system that shuts off the charging beam centers on low-power, harmless laser “guard beams,” which are emitted by another laser source co-located with the charging laser-beam and physically “surround” the charging beam. Custom 3-D printed “retroreflectors” placed around the power cell on the smartphone reflect the guard beams back to photodiodes on the laser emitter. The guard beams deliver no charge to the phone themselves, but their reflection from the smartphone back to the emitter allows them to serve as a “sensor” for when a person will move in the path of the guard beam. The researchers designed the laser emitter to terminate the charging beam when any object — such as part of a person’s body — comes into contact with one of the guard beams. The blocking of the guard beams can be sensed quickly enough to detect the fastest motions of the human body, based on decades of physiological studies.

“The guard beams are able to act faster than our quickest motions because those beams are reflected back to the emitter at the speed of light,” said Gollakota. “As a result, when the guard beam is interrupted by the movement of a person, the emitter detects this within a fraction of a second and deploys a shutter to block the charging beam before the person can come in contact with it.”

The next generation of nano-scale optical devices are expected to operate with Gigahertz frequency, which could reduce the shutter’s response time to nanoseconds, added Majumdar.

The beam charges the smartphone via a power cell mounted on the back of the phone. A narrow beam can deliver a steady 2W of power to 15 square-inch area from a distance of up to 4.3 meters, or about 14 feet. But the emitter can be modified to expand the charging beam’s radius to an area of up to 100 square centimeters from a distance of 12 meters, or nearly 40 feet. This extension means that the emitter could be aimed at a wider charging surface, such as a counter or tabletop, and charge a smartphone placed anywhere on that surface.

The researchers programmed the smartphone to signal its location by emitting high-frequency acoustic “chirps.” These are inaudible to our ears, but sensitive enough for small microphones on the laser emitter to pick up.

“This acoustic localization system ensures that the emitter can detect when a user has set the smartphone on the charging surface, which can be an ordinary location like a table across the room,” said co-lead author , a 91̽��doctoral student in electrical engineering.

When the emitter detects the smartphone on the desired charging surface, it switches on the laser to begin charging the battery.

“The beam delivers charge as quickly as plugging in your smartphone to a USB port,” said co-lead author , a 91̽��doctoral student in electrical engineering. “But instead of plugging your phone in, you simply place it on a table.”

To ensure that the charging beam does not overheat the smartphone, the team also placed thin aluminum strips on the back of the smartphone around the power cell. These strips act as a heatsink, dissipating excess heat from the charging beam and allowing the laser to charge the smartphone for hours. They even harvested a small amount of this heat to help charge the smartphone — by mounting a nearly-flat thermoelectric generator above the heatsink strips.

The researchers believe that their robust safety and heat-dissipation features could enable wireless, laser-based charging of other devices, such as cameras, tablets and even desktop computers. If so, the pre-bedtime task of plugging in your smartphone, tablet or laptop may someday be replaced with a simpler ritual: placing it on a table.

Co-author is , a 91̽��doctoral student in the Allen School. The research was funded by the National Science Foundation, the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation and Google Faculty Research Awards.

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For more information, contact the team at laserpower@cs.washington.edu.

Grant numbers: CNS-1452494, CNS-1407583.

Open to scholars in eight scientific and technical fields — chemistry, computer science, economics, mathematics, molecular biology, neuroscience, ocean sciences and physics — the fellowships honor those early-career researchers whose achievements mark them as the next generation of scientific leaders.

The 126  were selected in close coordination with the research community. Candidates are nominated by their peers, and fellows are selected by independent panels of senior scholars based on each candidate’s research accomplishments, creativity and potential to become a leader in his or her field. Each fellow will receive $65,000 to apply toward research endeavors.

This year’s fellows come from 53 institutions across the United States and Canada, spanning fields from evolutionary biology to data science. The new Sloan Fellows at the 91̽��reflect this diversity, probing complex questions in robotics, quantum physics and the formation of the galaxy.

Cakmak, for example, directs the , where she studies human-robot interactions, end-user programming and assistive robotics. She aims to develop robots that can be programmed and controlled by diverse users.

“It’s about packaging robot capabilities at the right level and creating the right interface for different users,” said Cakmak.

Rather than aiming for a one-size-fits-all robot, Cakmak argues for customizing each robot to the unique needs, preferences and environments of users. Today, only expert roboticists can do that sort of customization. Cakmak aims to make robot programming accessible to a much wider audience. She believes this could be the key to mass adoption of robots and democratize “robot programming” jobs of the future.

Chu, of the ,  focuses on the synthesis and characterization of materials with unconventional electronic and magnetic ground states, such as high-temperature superconductors and topological insulators. Simply put, Chu manufactures materials and measures their properties.

“My goal is to find more materials of this kind and study their properties to find why they come out this way, or if there are additional hidden properties that people don’t know about,” said Chu.

The goal is to understand and control these emergent quantum behaviors and apply them to energy and information technology.

Majumdar, a researcher with the , is at the forefront of the interdisciplinary research that combines quantum materials and nanophotonics. His research attempts to store light in an optical resonator to study its tiniest components. Majumdar is setting out to build quantum systems using light that can mimic the interactions between electrons in many of today’s technologies. That would pave the way for new materials and optical nano-structures that could revolutionize computing. Developing these technologies, however, can be very difficult.

“Our plan is to engineer new materials and new optical nanostructures to make photons interact with each other, which is a key element for performing computation with light, be it quantum or classical computing,” said Majumdar.

Werk is a kind of galaxy historian, studying matter on atomic scales to help understand how galaxies — and the universe as a whole — evolve. By aiming giant telescopes at the night’s sky, she uses spectrographs to study atoms billions of light years away. Werk looks at the distinction between subatomic particles that exist both outside and inside galaxies. The outcome, she hopes, will help elucidate a better understanding of our own cosmic origins.

“When I look at the sky I see lots of different atomic transitions that I’m trying to piece together into a coherent picture,” said Werk.

�´Ǵǻ�’s research explores the ecology of parasites and pathogens in a changing world. She is interested in how human impacts on ecosystems affect the transmission of parasites. �´Ǵǻ�’s work has shown that disruption can alter what kinds of parasites are common and rare — increasing the abundance of some kinds of parasites and decreasing the abundance of others. The Sloan Fellowship will allow Wood and her team to look back in time at how parasite transmission changed as industrialization intensified human impacts on the oceans. She’ll accomplish this by examining parasites preserved in museum specimens — mainly fish floating perennially in ethanol — including many that are more than a century old.

“These fish are basically parasite time capsules,” said Wood.

By developing time profiles of parasite abundance, Wood will provide the world’s first glimpse of what parasite communities might have been like in a more “pristine” ocean.

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For more information, contact Jackson Holtz at the 91̽��News Office at 206-543-2580 or jjholtz@uw.edu.

For photographers and scientists, lenses are lifesavers. They reflect and refract light, making possible the imaging systems that drive discovery through the microscope and preserve history through cameras.

But today’s glass-based lenses are bulky and resist miniaturization. Next-generation technologies, such as ultrathin cameras or tiny microscopes, require lenses made of a new array of materials.

In a published Feb. 9 in , scientists at the 91̽�� announced that they have successfully combined two different imaging methods — a type of lens designed for nanoscale interaction with lightwaves, along with robust computational processing — to create full-color images.

The team’s ultrathin lens is part of a class of engineered objects known as metasurfaces. Metasurfaces are 2-D analogs of metamaterials, which are manufactured materials with physical and chemical properties not normally found in nature. A metasurface-based lens — or metalens — consists of flat microscopically patterned material surfaces designed to interact with lightwaves. To date, images taken with metalenses yield clear images — at best — for only small slices of the visual spectrum. But the 91̽��team’s metalens — in conjunction with computational filtering — yields full-color images with very low levels of aberrations across the visual spectrum.

“Our approach combines the best aspects of metalenses with computational imaging — enabling us, for the first time, to produce full-color images with high efficiency,” said senior author , a 91̽��assistant professor of physics and electrical engineering.

Instead of manufactured glass or silicone, metalenses consist of repeated arrays of nanometer-scale structures, such as columns or fins. If properly laid out at these minuscule scales, these structures can interact with individual lightwaves with precision that traditional lenses cannot. Since metalenses are also so small and thin, they take up much less room than the bulky lenses of cameras and high-resolution microscopes. Metalenses are manufactured by the same type of semiconductor fabrication process that is used to make computer chips.

“Metalenses are potentially valuable tools in optical imaging since they can be designed and constructed to perform well for a given wavelength of light,” said lead author Shane Colburn, a 91̽��doctoral student in electrical engineering. “But that has also been their drawback: Each type of metalens only works best within a narrow wavelength range.”

In experiments producing images with metalenses, the optimal wavelength range so far has been very narrow: at best around 60 nanometers wide with high efficiency. But the visual spectrum is 300 nanometers wide.

Today’s metalenses typically produce accurate images within their narrow optimal range — such as an all-green image or an all-red image. For scenes that include colors outside of that optimal range, the images appear blurry, with poor resolution and other defects known as “chromatic aberrations.” For a rose in a blue vase, a red-optimized metalens might pick up the rose’s red petals with few aberrations, but the green stem and blue vase would be unresolved blotches — with high levels of chromatic aberrations.

Majumdar and his team hypothesized that, if a single metalens could produce a consistent type of visual aberration in an image across all visible wavelengths, then they could resolve the aberrations for all wavelengths afterward using computational filtering algorithms. For the rose in the blue vase, this type of metalens would capture an image of the red rose, blue vase and green stem all with similar types of chromatic aberrations, which could be tackled later using computational filtering.

They engineered and constructed a metalens whose surface was covered by tiny, nanometers-wide columns of silicon nitride. These columns were small enough to diffract light across the entire visual spectrum, which encompasses wavelengths ranging from 400 to 700 nanometers.

Critically, the researchers designed the arrangement and size of the silicon nitride columns in the metalens so that it would exhibit a “spectrally invariant point spread function.” Essentially, this feature ensures that — for the entire visual spectrum — the image would contain aberrations that can be described by the same type of mathematical formula. Since this formula would be the same regardless of the wavelength of light, the researchers could apply the same type of computational processing to “correct” the aberrations.

They then built a prototype metalens based on their design and tested how well the metalens performed when coupled with computational processing. One standard measure of image quality is “structural similarity” — a metric that describes how well two images of the same scene share luminosity, structure and contrast. The higher the chromatic aberrations in one image, the lower the structural similarity it will have with the other image. The 91̽��team found that when they used a conventional metalens, they achieved a structural similarity of 74.8 percent when comparing red and blue images of the same pattern; however, when using their new metalens design and computational processing, the structural similarity rose to 95.6 percent. Yet the total thickness of their imaging system is 200 micrometers, which is about 2,000 times thinner than current cellphone cameras.

“This is a substantial improvement in metalens performance for full-color imaging — particularly for eliminating chromatic aberrations,” said co-author Alan Zhan, a 91̽��doctoral student in physics.

In addition, unlike many other metasurface-based imaging systems, the 91̽��team’s approach isn’t affected by the polarization state of light — which refers to the orientation of the electric field in the 3-D space that lightwaves are traveling in.

The team said that its method should serve as a road map toward making a metalens — and designing additional computational processing steps — that can capture light more effectively, as well as sharpen contrast and improve resolution. That may bring tiny, next-generation imaging systems within reach.

The research was funded by the UW, an Intel Early Career Faculty Award and an Amazon Catalyst Award. Majumdar is also a researcher in the 91̽��Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute.

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For more information, contact Majumdar at arka@uw.edu or 206-616-5558.

Lasers play essential roles in countless technologies, from medical therapies to metal cutters to electronic gadgets. But to meet modern needs in computation, communications, imaging and sensing, scientists are striving to create ever-smaller laser systems that also consume less energy.

The 91̽��nanolaser, developed in collaboration with Stanford University, uses a tungsten-based semiconductor only three atoms thick as the “gain material” that emits light. The technology is described in a paper published in the .

“This is a recently discovered, new type of semiconductor which is very thin and emits light efficiently,” said , lead author and a 91̽��doctoral candidate in physics. “Researchers are making transistors, light-emitting diodes, and solar cells based on this material because of its properties. And now, nanolasers.”

Nanolasers — which are so small they can’t be seen with the eye — have the potential to be used in a wide range of applications from next-generation computing to implantable microchips that monitor health problems. But nanolasers so far haven’t strayed far from the research lab.

Other nanolaser designs use gain materials that are either much thicker or that are embedded in the structure of the cavity that captures light. That makes them difficult to build and to integrate with modern electrical circuits and computing technologies.

The 91̽��version, instead, uses a flat sheet that can be placed directly on top of a commonly used optical cavity, a tiny cave that confines and intensifies light. The ultrathin nature of the semiconductor — made from a single layer of a tungsten-based molecule — yields efficient coordination between the two key components of the laser.

The 91̽��nanolaser requires only 27 nanowatts to kickstart its beam, which means it is very energy efficient.

Other advantages of the 91̽��team’s nanolaser are that it can be easily fabricated, and it can potentially work with silicon components common in modern electronics. Using a separate atomic sheet as the gain material offers versatility and the opportunity to more easily manipulate its properties.

“You can think of it as the difference between a cell phone where the SIM card is embedded into the phone versus one that’s removable,” said co-author , 91̽��assistant professor of and of .

“When you’re working with other materials, your gain medium is embedded and you can’t change it. In our nanolasers, you can take the monolayer out or put it back, and it’s much easier to change around,” he said.

The researchers hope this and will enable them to produce an electrically-driven nanolaser that could open the door to using light, rather than electrons, to transfer information between computer chips and boards.

The current process can cause systems to overheat and wastes power, so companies such as Facebook, Oracle, HP, Google and Intel with massive data centers are keenly interested in more energy-efficient solutions.

Using photons rather than electrons to transfer that information would consume less energy and could enable next-generation computing that breaks current bandwidth and power limitations. The recently proven 91̽��nanolaser technology is one step toward making optical computing and short distance optical communication a reality.

“We all want to make devices run faster with less energy consumption, so we need new technologies,” said co-author Xiaodong Xu, 91̽��associate professor of and of physics. “The real innovation in this new approach of ours, compared to the old nanolasers, is that we’re able to have scalability and more controls.”

Still, there’s more work to be done in the near future, Xu said. Next steps include investigating photon statistics to establish the coherent properties of the laser’s light.

Co-authors are John Schaibley of the UW, Liefeng Feng of the 91̽��and Tianjin University in China, Sonia Buckley and Jelena Vuckovic of Stanford University, Jiaqiang Yan and David G. Mandrus of Oak Ridge National Laboratory and the University of Tennessee, Fariba Hatami of Humboldt University in Berlin and Wang Yao of the University of Hong Kong.

Primary funding came from the Air Force Office of Scientific Research. Other funders include the National Science Foundation, the state of Washington through the Clean Energy Institute, the Presidential Early Award for Scientists and Engineers administered through the Office of Naval Research, the U.S. Department of Energy, and the European Commission.

For more information, contact Xu at xuxd@uw.edu and Majumdar at arka@uw.edu.

Grant numbers: AFOSR (FA9550-14-1-0277), NSF-EFRI-1433496, ECS-9731293, N00014-08-1-0561, FP7-ICT-2013-613024-GRASP