Four new faculty books from the 91探花 cover topics ranging from inequality鈥檚 effects on health to fad diets to former German chancellor Angela Merkel鈥檚 legacy on gender equality. 91探花News talked with the authors to learn more about their recent publications.

Kima Cargill鈥檚 鈥楢nxious Eaters鈥� analyzes the appeal of fad diets

Most everyone has heard of fad diets: the kind that promise results with an ostensibly simple solution, whether a daily pill or a long-term meal plan.

Not to mention the 鈥渓ifestyle鈥� approaches to eating that aren鈥檛 just about weight loss: Think paleo, keto, all-organic, no-sugar, low-carb. Whatever the formula, diets tend to promote a slimmer, healthier, happier life.

But what they鈥檙e really doing, argues , professor of psychology at 91探花 Tacoma, is tapping into people鈥檚 larger worries about and desires for identity, status and transformation.

In their new book, 鈥�,鈥� Cargill and co-author Janet Chrzan dive into the types of diets, what they promise and what they yield, with some surprising finds. The early patriotic messages about weight loss, for example, or the politics around some fad diets today.

Published in 2022 by Columbia University Press, 鈥淎nxious Eaters鈥� was the product of a long collaboration with Chrzan, an adjunct assistant professor of nutritional anthropology at the University of Pennsylvania. Cargill focuses on the psychological and sociocultural issues around overeating, and teaches a class at 91探花Tacoma called 鈥�.鈥�

鈥淲hen we first started writing the book, we knew we wanted to write about specific named diets, like paleo or 鈥榗lean eating,鈥� because that鈥檚 how people think about them. Yet as we wrote, we found ourselves often repeating our ideas chapter after chapter, which reinforced one of our strongest observations,鈥� Cargill said. 鈥淭hat same set of fears, beliefs and fantasies drive nearly all fad diets,鈥痚ven when the diets appear radically different.鈥疶hey are a lot like get-rich-quick schemes: There are always certain things about them that remain true.鈥�

Cargill and Chrzan see common themes that drive interest in fad diets: the typically American beliefs in individualism and willpower; the desire for self-transformation; and the role of consumerism. Ads, testimonials, before-and-after photos 鈥� all the stuff of fad diets.

鈥淲e believe we can transform ourselves, that if I just sign up for this thing and pay a lot of money, I鈥檒l be transformed,鈥� Cargill said. 鈥淎t its core the book is quite philosophical, more about the wishes and fantasies we have, than about the diets themselves.鈥�

The authors aimed to give readers tools with which to analyze diets, not to cast judgment or recommend one diet over another.

Ultimately, losing weight 鈥� if that鈥檚 the goal 鈥� is about changing habits and behaviors. 鈥淔or most people, the only diet that really works is eating a little less than you do now, in perpetuity. Just eat a little less food, every day, forever,鈥� Cargill said. 鈥淚t鈥檚 deceptively simple, but it takes a long time.鈥�

For more information, contact Cargill at kcargill@uw.edu.

How inequality in US leads to poor health

The United States spends more on health care than any other country, but a United Nations Human Development Report released in September revealed that the U.S. ranks 44^th in life expectancy among U.N. countries. That number drops even lower when non-U.N. countries are included.

Dr. , associate teaching professor emeritus of health systems and population health at the 91探花, examines this contradiction in his new book, 鈥�.鈥� Published by Rutledge in November, the book examines why the U.S. performs so poorly in health measures.

The answer isn鈥檛 lack of health care, as the U.S. spends as much on health care as the rest of the world combined. And Bezruchka said studies show that personal choices, such as smoking and diet, don鈥檛 make a significant impact on a country鈥檚 average life expectancy.

鈥淚 learned that social factors and political factors really matter more than medical care and personal behaviors,鈥� Bezruchka said. 鈥淎 few things just hit me in the face. Namely, the longest-lived country is Japan, and they have two, three times as many men smoking there as we do.鈥�

The greatest risk factor, Bezruchka argues, is inequality.

鈥淚nequality is bad for you,鈥� Bezruchka said. 鈥淎s a matter of fact, it kills you. It kills us all. We have a lot of rich people in this country, and they鈥檙e healthier than poor people. That鈥檚 always the case. Is there any way to escape inequality? Living in the United States, the answer is no.鈥�

Studies show that roughly half a person鈥檚 health as an adult is programmed in the first 1,000 days after conception, Bezruchka said. Healthier countries offer benefits that impact early life, such as parental leave. The U.S. and Papua New Guinea are the only U.N. countries that don鈥檛 require paid time off for new parents.

Other policies that help eliminate inequality include a fair taxation system, monthly child support payments, universal health care and guaranteed income. The U.S. focuses more on late-life programs, such as Social Security.

鈥淚n the United States, we have 70, 80 million people who either have no health care insurance or are vastly underinsured,鈥� said Bezruchka, who spent more than 10 years in Nepal working in health programs. 鈥淭he leading cause of bankruptcy in this country is inability to pay health care costs.鈥�

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has further exposed these issues. Studies have shown that more economic inequality leads to higher overall death rates from COVID, Bezruchka said, and the U.S. has highest number of recorded COVID deaths in the world.

Social determinants of health include racism, poverty, pollution, education, income and wealth. These factors stem from political context and governance, Bezruchka said. They are also among the leading causes of stress.

鈥淚 call stress the 21^st-century tobacco,鈥� Bezruchka said. 鈥淭he U.S. offers individual solutions for stress and powerlessness. We get people to blame themselves for poor health instead of blaming the system. The book tries to make people recognize the system.鈥�

For more information, contact Bezruchka at sabez@uw.edu.

Angela Merkel 鈥榣ed from behind鈥� on gender equality

Even after 16 years as the chancellor of Germany, Angela Merkel鈥檚 legacy on gender equality in politics remains a mystery. To help rectify that, eight social scientists, feminists and gender scholars came together to write 鈥�.鈥�

, professor of international and European studies at the 91探花Jackson School of International Studies, initiated, co-edited and co-wrote a chapter for this project. It was written and edited with collaborators meeting on Zoom from countries around the world in an intense, two-year process.

Published by Routledge in December, the book investigates how Merkel, during her four governing periods, impacted gender equality policy in Germany and across Europe. Being the leader of a conservative party and a trained physicist from the former German Democratic Republic, or Communist East Germany, she initially did not see herself as a Western-style feminist.

鈥淥ne of the puzzles about Merkel’s legacy is that a lot of change happened in terms of German gender policy despite her being a conservative woman from a Christian conservative party, and despite her coming into office with really not a feminist agenda at all,鈥� Lang said. 鈥淪o how did she manage to get her own party on track for the policy changes that we saw in those 16 years?鈥�

One of the authors鈥� central findings, which led to the book鈥檚 title, is that Merkel often didn鈥檛 lead overtly in gender politics. Instead, she reacted to pressure from her social democratic coalition partners and from the level of the European Union in Brussels. She also allowed public opinion to inform her policy choice, such as in the passing of the German Marriage Equality Act.

Lang and her chapter co-author, Petra Ahrens from Tampere University in Finland, studied how the voluntary quota policies of the Christian Democratic Union evolved under Merkel鈥檚 reign from mere afterthoughts to a central demand of their women鈥檚 association.

鈥淎 fair number of German parties have quotas with which they promote women to higher positions on electoral lists or in party office 鈥� but the conservatives historically did not have a fixed quota,鈥� Lang said. 鈥淣ow, at the end of Merkel’s reign, they are starting to employ a gender quota and that was of interest to us. How did she get the party to see that there was no other choice but to take regulatory mechanisms into account?鈥�

The answer, the authors argue, is through 鈥渓eading from behind.鈥� While Merkel remained non-committal, she allowed space for others to push for tougher gender quotas.

鈥淪he showcased impressive advances in gender policies, but she facilitated more than that she led,鈥� Lang said. 鈥淭hat is why we need to see this legacy as mixed.鈥�

For more information, contact Lang at salang@uw.edu.

It鈥檚 not that simple, says , a professor of clinical psychology at the 91探花 in Tacoma. In her new book 鈥�,鈥� Cargill places the blame for gluttony squarely at the feet of a culture gorged on consumerism. She听contends that abundance of variety, lax regulation and sophisticated branding and marketing conspire to push Americans to overeat.

Cargill views an appetite for food as part of a broader desire to consume other items, from alcohol to designer clothing to luxury vacations. And while other research on overeating tends to emphasize neurochemistry and individual behavior, Cargill鈥檚 book focuses on the cultural and economic forces that she believes are the primary culprits in Americans鈥� overeating.

The food industry creates 鈥渉yperpalatable鈥� foods 鈥� high-sugar, high-fat and salty foods that make us crave more of the same 鈥� and uses manipulative marketing practices to sway customers, Cargill writes. Noting Starbucks UK鈥檚 claim that it offers 87,000 possible drink combinations, she argues that personalization, convenience and misleading nutritional claims are among the powerful techniques the food industry uses to prompt consumers to pack in more.

Cargill, who has听been studying the psychology of food since starting at the 91探花in 2002, said the motivation for her book came from the growing听outrage she felt as a consumer.

鈥淲hen I go to the grocery store, it鈥檚 almost this exercise in decoding propaganda,鈥� she said. 鈥淚 feel like I鈥檓 on this high alert of reading labels and putting a lot of effort into figuring out how they鈥檙e trying to trick people. I felt manipulated, and I wanted that story to be told.鈥�

Cargill, who will be speaking at , answered a few questions about her book for 91探花Today.

Q: The book posits that overeating, like overspending, is a result of consumer culture in the U.S. Why did you decide to approach the topic from that perspective?

KC: For two reasons. One is that I think we are so deeply immersed in consumer culture that it can be hard to see its effects, so I wanted to call attention to that. Two, because the discipline of psychology has a tendency to overemphasize the individual without looking at cultural and economic contexts. The research on overeating, for example, often focuses on either willpower or neurochemistry, but I wanted to look at how those individual factors interacted with the culture and politics of food.

Q: The book details various tactics food companies use that lead people to overeat, from offering an abundance of variety to sowing nutritional confusion. Is there a way to counteract these influences?

KC: It鈥檚 really hard! I鈥檓 someone who knows a lot about nutrition and even I feel like a trip to the grocery store is an exercise in decoding propaganda. It鈥檚 exhausting! Obviously the best way to counteract these influences is to avoid buying packaged foods as much as possible, but that isn鈥檛 realistic for a lot of people.

Other strategies are doing things like reducing variety. For example, we know that when people have several flavors of ice cream to choose from, they eat more than when they just have one. So something as simple as getting one flavor at Molly Moon鈥檚 instead of two is a good protective strategy. Another good strategy is to wean ourselves from sweet beverages. Sugar-sweetened beverages, including juice and smoothies, aren鈥檛 very filling. Even worse, research shows that we wind up eating more later when we consume sweet drinks. There鈥檚 something about liquid calories that tricks the brain.

I also think it鈥檚 important for people to take more general steps to shield themselves from so much advertising. It鈥檚 everywhere now 鈥� even toilets! Now you can鈥檛 use the restroom in peace because marketers realized that they have a captive audience in public bathroom stalls. Because we are really desensitized to advertising it鈥檚 hard to be on guard against misleading and manipulative messages. I鈥檝e followed an organization called the for some time and their website has a lot of tips and videos for reducing consumerism and lowering your exposure to advertising.

Q: What role do food branding and marketing play in overeating?

KC: It鈥檚 the single cause of widespread overeating. Branding and marketing is what makes food so profitable for the food companies. With huge profits to be earned, they have the incentive to create so-called 鈥渉yperpalatable鈥� foods 鈥� that is, foods that are engineered to be irresistible because of the combination of salt, sugar and fat.

You have to understand that there is an army of food scientists with Ph.D.s that created Jacked Ranch Dipped Hot Wings Doritos. And then there鈥檚 another army of expert marketers who created the packaging, commercials and social media campaign. That鈥檚 what you鈥檙e up against when you try and eat just one.

Q: You note that obese people are 22 percent more likely to declare bankruptcy than normal weight people. Is there a link between consumer debt and overindulging in food?

KC: Yes. Numerous studies have shown a relationship between obesity and declaring bankruptcy. We also know that past conditions of food insecurity are correlated with obesity and that past conditions of financial insecurity are correlated with stronger materialistic values.

Thinking about it more intuitively, we can imagine how a failure in reckoning 鈥� that is, some inability to balance the books 鈥� could lead to both overeating听 and overspending. If we have the feeling that we can just buy whatever we want or eat whatever we want, there is no mental ledger there. There鈥檚 no sense that we have a finite number of calories to consume or a finite amount of money we can spend without going into the red.

I think this one of the things we lost as a culture with the demise of home economics classes. Of course there were a lot of other problems with home ec, but when done well, it can teach young people cooking, nutrition, budgeting and household management. There鈥檚 been a call to bring back gender-neutral home economics, which is an idea I鈥檓 really in favor of.

Q: You write that Big Pharma and Big Food have a symbiotic relationship and use similar tactics to create consumer demand. Can you explain that?

KC: Yes. Both industries use a lot of the same strategies which I detail in my book. One of those is the creation of phony grassroots groups that are really advertisements, but they are veiled as public service announcements. For example, when GlaxoKlineSmith got Paxil approved for social anxiety disorder, it was in their interest that more people get that diagnosis. The problem was that only about two people had ever heard of that disorder so they didn鈥檛 have any customers! What they did was to secretly create a group called Freedom From Fear that looked like everyday folks who wanted to reach out to other sufferers of that disorder. They never even mentioned Paxil, but they didn鈥檛 have to 鈥� it was the only medication approved for the disorder.

Similarly, an organization was formed recently called The International Food Information Council. It is supposed make health and nutrition information available to the public on its website in English and Spanish, but it says things like 鈥渢he causes of diabetes continue to be a mystery.鈥� It turns out that the council is funded by companies like Dr. Pepper Snapple Group, Kraft and Monsanto. These are companies that are knowingly making foods that lead to diabetes, which in turn profits the pharmaceutical industry because of the increased demand for insulin and other obesity-related treatments. So that鈥檚 what I mean when I say they have a symbiotic relationship.

Q: How does the culture of overeating impact disadvantaged people?

听KC: Well, I think everyone knows by now that higher quality food is generally more expensive, but that鈥檚 also given rise to a myth that there are no inexpensive, nutritious foods. That鈥檚 not true! The USDA has something called the Thrifty Food Plan that recommends eggs, ground turkey, cabbage, chickpeas and lentils that are low-cost and nutritious. The problem is that no one wants to eat those things! There鈥檚 just nothing sexy about turkey cabbage casserole听.

That鈥檚 where consumer culture becomes part of the problem. We all want to belong. So if everyone else is eating Taco Bell and drinking Dr. Pepper, then we want to do that too. This can become even more important if you鈥檙e poor. Poverty听 is an experience of exclusion, of being left out of what everyone else has. So being able to consume the branded foods and sodas that everybody else has can really bring a sense of comfort and belongingness.

The food and beverage industry exploits this, though. Soda manufacturers, for example, disproportionately target black children and teenagers with their ads for sugar-sweetened beverages. Black children and teens are more likely to live in poverty and they also see more than double the number of ads than do white children for Vitamin Water, Sprite, Sunny D, 5-hour Energy and Mountain Dew.

Q: You write that the proliferation of upscale stores like Whole Foods has created 鈥渓uxury food fever鈥� among wealthy Americans. What is luxury food fever, and how does it contribute to overeating?

KC: There are just a lot of wealthy people these days and they鈥檙e willing to spend money on special or exotic foods. There鈥檚 nothing inherently wrong with that 鈥� we can look across many industries and see that with global prosperity there are more buyers for luxury cars, properties, artwork and even fancy wine. I think where it鈥檚 more problematic is when these foods are presented as being healthy in some way. Like chocolate-covered goji berries or a莽ai berry muffins. Most of the time it鈥檚 just an excuse to charge more for the product and it allows us to rationalize eating something that鈥檚 really just candy or cake and imagine it鈥檚 healthy.

Q: Is overeating a form of substance abuse comparable to alcohol or drug addiction?

KC: That鈥檚 a hot question right now! It certainly feels like food can be addictive. I heard Chris Rock say one time that it would not be surprising if it was discovered that Krispy Kreme donuts had crack in them. They are that good! They do almost have crack in them, though. The seductive combination of salt, sugar and fat activates dopamine 鈥� the same neurotransmitter that is rewarded by crack and other drugs. So there is some evidence for 鈥渇ood addiction,鈥� at least in animal models, but the research is still pretty new for whether there is really such thing as food addiction in humans.

Incidentally, Krispy Kreme Donuts just got the naming rights for the University of North Carolina鈥檚 Children Clinic, so there鈥檚 another example of the connection between consumer culture and overeating.

Q: How difficult is it for informed and conscientious consumers to resist the cultural forces that drive overeating? Is it just a matter of making good choices?

KC: As Americans, I think we overestimate the power of good choices and individual behavioral change. It鈥檚 not that we shouldn鈥檛 try to make good choices or improve ourselves 鈥� of course we should! But the American narrative of personal transformation says that we can make ourselves into anything we want with enough hard work. This narrative comes from the frontier mentality and goes back to the colonists who arrived here from Britain听 to remake themselves.

It鈥檚 an empowering narrative, but I think it offers false promises. More importantly, it takes our attention away from the systemic cultural and political forces that undermine our well-being. For example, if we hire a personal trainer or dietitian, that could be effective, but then we are not asking our congressional representatives听 why soda companies can put vending machines in schools. We can go on a paleo diet, which might work, but then we鈥檙e not demanding that the FDA require companies to disclose the added sugars in food products. I could go on and on with examples, but my point is that when we focus too much on individual choice it lets the bigger players off the hook.