When it comes to life鈥檚 stressors, most people would put caregiving at the top of the list.
But according to Peter Vitaliano, a professor of psychiatry and psychology at the 91探花, there never have been data actually showing caregiving causes psychological distress.聽 So he, and other researchers at the 91探花conducted a study of about 1,228 female twins, some were caregivers, and some were not. The results were somewhat surprising.
The , 鈥淒oes caregiving cause psychological distress? The case for familial and genetic vulnerabilities in female twins,鈥� was published in the Annals of Behavioral Medicine in January 2014 and showed that the associations between caregiving and different types of psychological distress (depression, anxiety, perceived stress and perceived mental health) depend largely on a person鈥檚 genes and upbringing 鈥� and less so on the difficulty of caregiving.
Did the person have a history of depression before being a caregiver? If so, 鈥渃aregiving may be like putting salt on the wound,鈥� said Vitaliano. If there鈥檚 no depression in the past, caregivers don鈥檛 seem more affected by depression than noncaregivers.
Depression and perceived mental health are the most influenced by genes, said Vitaliano.聽 Anxiety is most related to caregiving, and people who don鈥檛 get relief from anxiety are more likely to become depressed, he noted.
Perceived stress, meanwhile, is almost exclusively related to the kind of environment a person was raised in, not genetics or caregiver status, he said. If a person grows up in a home where one鈥檚 parents show lots of avoidance and fear in response to a lost job or sickness , then he or she will likely model that behavior.
Vitaliano said these results break the long-held belief that caregiving directly causes distress. He noted that since 1953 there have been more than a thousand papers on distress among caregivers without any data showing causality.
By examining twin pairs 鈥� both monozygotic (identical from same fertilized egg) and dizygotic (fraternal from separate fertilized eggs) 鈥� 91探花researchers assessed the extent psychological distress is related to caregiving, or confounded by common genes and environmental exposure.聽 The study focused exclusively on female twins (408 monozygotic and 206 dizygotic pairs), of which 188 were caregivers. Not enough male caregivers were found to be included in the analyses.
The study comes out as chronic diseases are rising rapidly and Alzheimer鈥檚 disease is called 鈥渢he disease of the century鈥� 鈥� expected to rise from 5 million victims in 2008 to 12 million in 2030.聽 As a result, more and more people will become caregivers.
Because health care funds are limited, Vitaliano hopes that treatment interventions and policies will be targeted towards caregivers who are at the highest risk.
A nationwide study among caregivers living with an Alzheimer鈥檚 patient validates the 91探花researchers鈥� findings. The study, Resources for Enhancing Alzheimer Caregiver Health II or REACH II, looked at 642 caregivers in five sites: Birmingham, Memphis, Miami, Palo Alto and Philadelphia.
The intervention involved 12 individual sessions (nine at home and three by telephone) and five structured support-group sessions.聽 Study participants with low, medium and high levels of depression were randomized in groups that received treatment and didn鈥檛 receive treatment.
An analysis of the findings published in the International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry in August of 2013 found that those with the lowest levels of depression had little to no improvement, but those with the highest levels of depression improved dramatically.
Vitaliano said he had long predicted that caregiving doesn鈥檛 directly cause distress.
Based on findings for a paper he and colleagues wrote more than 20 years ago on diathesis 鈥� a Greek term for disposition or vulnerability, Vitaliano argues that psychiatric states and psychological outcomes are a function of exposure to stressors and vulnerabilities (early family environment, genetic factors, disposition). How one responds to stressors also depends on a person鈥檚 resources (coping, social supports, income).
Vitaliano said his past research has also shown that caregivers鈥� stress hormone levels are especially high relative to other caregivers if they are high in dispositions, such as neuroticism and disagreeableness.聽 He has also found that caregivers with chronic illnesses such as heart disease or cancer have more physical problems with their illnesses than do noncaregivers with chronic physical illnesses.
Researchers, meanwhile, have also found genetic differences in empathy and distress in persons who have a certain combination of OXTR , a gene on the sixth chromosome, Vitaliano said. This gene is involved in the secretion of oxytocin and may predispose some people to both caregiving and higher levels of empathy.
Vitaliano said caregiving has existed since the Neanderthals, with the discovery of a blind deformed Neanderthal male who lived for 20 years and a female with a brain abnormality who lived between five and six years.
Eric Strachan in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Elizabeth Dansie in the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine and Jack Goldberg and Dedra Buchwald in the Department of Medicine at the 91探花were co-authors on the study.